Science10+Notes

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DECEMBER 7th, 2009 __Chapter 11.1 Natural Causes of Climate Change Notes: __ · Climate describes a region’s long term weather patterns · Earth has gone through many climate changes including ice ages and periods of warming · Processes that contribute to climate change are complex which affect the earth’s radiation budget and heat transfer · Several factors affect climate- greenhouse gases, Earth’s tilt and orbit, heat transfer by the oceans, and catastrophic events ( volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts) · Not new to our planet __ Describing Climate: __ ·  Climate describes the average conditions of the atmosphere in large regions over 30 years · Climate includes clouds, average temperature, humidity, solar radiation atmospheric pressure and wind · British Columbia has a range of climates · Each climate zone supports growth of specific plants and other organisms ·  Biogeoclimatic zone is a region with certain types of plants, life, climate, etc __ Looking Forward by Studying the Past: __ ·  Paleoclimatologists are people who study past climates · These scientists look for long term patterns in vast regions to help describe Earth’s climate · They may look at plant fossils or the rings of a tree to determine if a region used to cold, hot or dry, or even use sediment deposits at the bottom of rivers. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· About 21,000 years ago BC was buried in ice <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Paleoclimatologists use ice cores, cylinders of ice to drill into thick layers of glacier to examine the change in climate. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Scientist draw conclusion by comparing past climates with current ones <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Several factors affect climate changes: water cycle, Earth’s tilt, rotation and orbit, Composition of Earth, Carbon Cycle, Catastrophic events __ The Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Natural greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· This helps to keep earths temp in a certain range <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Some of the suns radiation on Earth’s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit radiation as thermal energy <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Greenhouse gases help to keep some of the energy on Earth so the temp on Earth won’t be so cold <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Without Greenhouse gases Earth would be 34 degrees lower than it is today <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth is used to the condition provided by Greenhouse gases for it has resulted from a balance of heat and solar radiation __ Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and Orbit __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Three characteristic of Earth’s movement affects the global climate: Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and orbit <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Form higher latitudes one of the most noticeable features of climate is the change in seasons <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth experiences seasons because of its tilt and orbit around the sun <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The angle of incidence is so large that the solar radiation hitting the Northern hemisphere in winter is low <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· During summer the North hemisphere is tilted towards the sun; therefore, at that this time it receives a lot of radiation making it warmer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· If Earth did not have a tilt the change in season would be less noticeable <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Seasonal changes are most extreme when Earth Tilt is at its greatest <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Earth’s rotation has a wobble just like a top wobbles as it spins on a flat surface, as the top wobbles it traces out a circle <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth north pole is now pointing at a star called the Polaris but in 12 000 years it will then face the Vega changing the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays on Earth <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Earth’s Rotation is oval but in 100 000 years the shape of the path will change <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Sometime the orbit becomes more circular and at times less so this affects the amount of solar radiation hitting Earth from the sun. __ Water Cycle: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The water cycle describes the circulation of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· At different stages the water’s state changes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· High temps increase the evaporation of water and the capacity of air to hold water vapour <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· As yearly temp increase the amount of water vapour the atmosphere holds increases __ Ocean Currents: __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection currents in the ocean transport large amounts of heat around the globe. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Deep ocean currents occur below 500 metres <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Surface currents extend to 500 metres or up <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Sinking and rising of deep ocean waters produces convection currents <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They act as global conveyer belts that transport water and thermal energy around Earth <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Cold water is denser than warm and salty is denser than fresh <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in the density of water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Climate and ocean currents have a two way relationships because of the effects of evaporation and precipitation and the effects of melting and freezing. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Evaporation of warm surface waters leaves behind salt; conversely, precipitation adds water diluting the salty water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· When ice forms salt is left behind; however, when ice melts it dilutes the salty water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Surface currents exchange heat with the atmosphere affecting temp and climate <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Wind and Earth’s rotation affect the path of surface currents <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Wind drags water at the same time Earth’s rotation produces the Coriolis affect <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Currents of air or water are deflected to the right in the northern and left in the southern hemisphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  A transition zone called the thermocline separates the cold, deep waters from the sun-warmed surface waters <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In the zone the water is colder __ El Nino and La Nina: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Surface waters off the coast of Ecuador and Peru get unusually warm which is known as the El Nino event <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The warm waters can result in warm temperatures <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  However in a La Nina event upwelling brings cooler than normal waters to the surface in the eastern pacific ocean <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The variations in the winds including El Nino and La Nina events are called El Nino- Southern Oscillation  (ENSO) __ The Carbon Cycle: __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Without it and other greenhouse gases to absorb and emit radiation the planets temp would be below freezing <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø However too much can cause increase in temperatures <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø What keeps it in balance? The carbon cycle does <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The carbon cycle maintains the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The deep ocean is considered a carbon sink which is a process that helps to keep carbon dioxide in balance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Some of carbon dioxide absorb by the ocean is turned into bicarbonate ions which marine animals use to build shells <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Weathering releases carbon from long term storage such as carbon containing sediment built up at the bottom of oceans <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Weathering is a physical or chemical process that breaks rock into smaller pieces <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø A common type of chemical weather occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· On land forests are important carbon sinks <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Plants remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis replacing it with oxygen <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  A carbon source is something that releases carbon dioxide __ Catastrophic events: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Catastrophic events are also known as large- scale disasters <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø some of these events were large volcanic eruptions which did not only produce ash and block out the sun but released water vapour and sulphur dioxide <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They react together to form sulphuric acid which were carried by winds thousands of km reflecting solar radiation back into space resulting in lower temps in the troposphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Volcanic eruption can affect the climate for many years <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Larger Catastrophic events have happened when meteorites and other large pieces of rock have hit the earth from space <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The impacts hurls vaporized rock, dust, debris and gases into the atmosphere causing the atmosphere to cool

<span style="color: #e12d82; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 180%;">December 2, 2009
<span style="color: #226b6d; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #9900ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 56%;">equator : high <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #800080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 56%;">forest and soils : low
 * <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">in <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 96%;">solotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
 * eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low
 * albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
 * eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high
 * weather <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- everything about atmosphease that is temp., atmosphaeric pressure, mosture in the atmosphease wind,ect. related to wind transfer in the atmospherase
 * remember: mass of air N2 = 28 > water (H20) = 18


 * air pressure - pressure is measued in pascal (Pa ) and kilopascal (kPa) --- pressure is fores per area when at sea level appox. 101.3 kPa
 * other unit atm --- 101.3 * Pa = 1 atm 760 mmHg

<span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 56%;">* Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of air
 * Barometer - used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
 * Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout
 * <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108%;">coriolois effect <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108%;"> - changer in the direction of moving air weather or object due to earth <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">roatation

DECEMBER 1ST, 2009 Unit 4 Chapter 10.2 Notes ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Life depends on the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Solar radiation transfer heat from the sun to Earth <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Conduction and infrared radiation heats the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Atmosphere pressure, air temperature, and humidity vary throughout the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Weather is the conditions of an atmosphere at a specific time and place <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Only one planet discovered has water in all three states and support life, Earth

The Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Composition of a rock indicates earth once had different atmosphere – composed from volcanic gases - no oxygen gas. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Where oxygen gas come from? - oxygen gas appeared when sunlight broke apart water molecules in the atmosphere. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The next stage of oxygen production came much later with photosynthesis organisms. – used sunlight and carbon to produce sugar releasing oxygen in the process therefore keeping Carbon dioxide and Oxygen gas in balance. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Air is the combination of gases in lower atmosphere near Earth’s surface <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Air made up of nitrogen (78%) oxygen(21%) and very small amounts (1%) of other gases such as methane <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Composition of the atmosphere remains fairly constant to 80km above sea level

The Layers of the Atmosphere:

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Made up of five layers which differ in altitude, chemical composition, temperature, and density- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere

Troposphere:

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Lowest layer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 18km- 16km thick <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Mass of atmosphere on top compresses it’s gas molecules making it the most dense layer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Almost all water vapour is found here which causes weather <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Radiation from the sun affects the air <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 15km above sea level, 15 degrees at the bottom and -55 degrees at top <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Pollen, pollutants and ash affect composition.

Stratosphere: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Second lowest layer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Has dry air with few clouds <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 15km to 50km above sea level, -55 degrees at bottom to 0 degrees at top <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Contains strong winds <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Acts as a barrier to help contain moisture and block out harmful radiation from the sun <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Made up of ozone layer- the layer that absorbs much UV lights from the sun.

Mesosphere: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 50 km to 80 km above sea level, 0 to 100 degrees <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Everyday millions of small pieces of dust, meteors crash through the mesosphere colliding with particles – thermal energy produced and space debris burns creating shooting stars Thermosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 80 to 500 km above sea level, 1500- 3000 degrees <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· When charged particles of magnetic field collide with Thermosphere particles bright glow can be seen

Exosphere: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Upper most layer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 700 km above sea level <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 3000 degrees and up

Radiation and Conduction in Atmosphere:

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Almost all energy comes from the sun <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Solar radiation transfers energy when absorbed <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Insulation is the amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (measured in watts) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A regions location affects how much insulation it gets- higher latitude the less <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Angle of incidence is the angle between a ray reaching a surface and a line perpendicular to the surface <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Higher angle of incidence= the sun’s rays is much greater <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection transfers thermal energy throughout the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Conduction transfers heat- ground transfer heat to particles in the air, then air collides with particles in lower atmosphere increasing temperature

The Radiation Budget

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Keeps incoming and outgoing energy in balance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Solar radiation incoming <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 15% reflected by clouds <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 7% by dust <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 20% absorbed by clouds <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 58% reaches the earth’s surface <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 9% reflected back into space from surface of Earth <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Number of sources emit the radiation back through evaporation and water (23%), conduction and convection (7%) and infrared radiation ( 19%)

Albedo: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Describes the amount of radiation reflected by a surface November 26th, 2009 <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 160%;">Unit 4 Chapter 10 Definitions and Notes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· They move in random directions. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· When particles collide kinetic energy is transferred between them, much as a bowling ball transfers energy when hits pins. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· When average kinetic energy increases so does the temperature of state (solid, liquid or gas) of the object. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· For example particles in a cold glass move slower than particles in a hot glass of water. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Something such as hot chocolate feels hotter because the average kinetic energy is higher than that of your hand. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø **__Temperature Scales:__** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· There are three different types of temp scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· More kinetic energy the object has the more thermal it is. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Is affected by surface area of objects. Ex: smaller bowl of soup = less thermal energy compared to a bigger bowl = more thermal energy. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· For example the gravitational attraction between earth and a textbook. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Potential energy increases as the molecules move further apart. **__Heat__** – is the amount of thermal energy that transfers from an area or object of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Example: imagine the heat used to cook an egg. Heat flows from the frying pan to the egg increasing the eggs thermal energy, meaning the temperature increases as well. Then the egg heats up and cooks. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· There are three ways heat can be transferred- conduction, convection and radiation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Conduction transfers heat from matter of high temperature to an object of lower temperature or kinetic energy. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Most objects transfer heat but at diff rates. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Conductors such as aluminum are good thermal conductors (material that transfer heat easily) and an insulator such as Styrofoam does not conduct heat as easily. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Transfers heat and matter <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Lava lamp happens because of convection <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection happens when the particles in a fluid move further apart then the fluid expands causing its density to decrease. <span style="color: #ff9800; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection current is the continuous cycle of heating, cooling, and reheating. It is also the movement of fluid caused by density differences. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· How does heat transfer from space to earth? By electromagnetic radiation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy by waves travelling outward in all directions from a source. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Radiant energy is the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The only visible electromagnetic radiation is visible lights. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Infrared radiation also known as heat radiation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Solar radiation is made of visible light as well as infrared and other types of radiation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Any material with a temp of greater then absolute zero gives off radiation.
 * __Kinetic Molecular theory__** – it explains that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules).
 * __Kinetic energy-__** is the energy of a particle or object due to its motion.
 * __Temperature__**- is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in the sample of matter.
 * __Thermal Energy__** – is the total energy of all the particles in solid, liquid or gas.
 * __Potential Energy-__** is the stored energy of an object or particle due to position of state.
 * __Conduction__**- is the transfer of heat from one substance to another or within a solid by direct connect of particles.
 * __Convection__**- is the transfer of heat within a fluid (substance in which particles can move freely).
 * __Radiation__** – is high energy rays and particles emitted by radioactive sources.